Levels & career tracks
Curso básico · A1–A2
Nivel A1.1 — IdentidadNivel A1.2 — Rutinas y entornoNivel A2.1 — Contando el mundoNivel A2.2 — Comparando y proyectandoIntermedio · B1–B2
Level B1.1 — Connecting experiencesLevel B1.2 — Narrating and describingLevel B2.1 — ArguingLevel B2.2 — NuanceProfesional / Avanzado · C1–C2
Level C1.1 — PrecisionLevel C1.2 — Register and discourseLevel C2.1 — StyleLevel C2.2 — Native masteryInglés técnico y especialización
Career Track BusinessCareer Track Economics and FinanceCareer Track Business AdministrationCareer Track Information Systems EngineeringCareer Track Educational SciencesCareer Track Medicine and Health Sciences Current levelCareer Track Tourism and HospitalityCareer Track Occupational Health and SafetyCareer Track Legal EnglishSpecialized Track · Career
Advanced clinical and research vocabulary — pharmacology, oncology, genomics, and evidence-based practice. This lesson closes the Medicine and Health Sciences career track.
Why this matters This lesson connects directly to your progress: it covers clinical research and pharmacology; advanced diagnosis and treatment; precision medicine and research ethics. Mastering this content lets you move forward confidently, and reinforces patterns you'll use again later. Take time to review every example before moving to the assessment — repetition is what actually locks knowledge in long-term.
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The goals of this lesson.
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You already understand diagnosis and clinical procedures. This final Medicine lesson covers clinical research and precision medicine — advanced, specialized vocabulary.
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Terms for clinical trials, drug evaluation, and evidence-based practice.
Examples
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Vocabulary for complex diagnostic reasoning and specialized treatment approaches.
Examples
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Terms from genomics, personalized medicine, and clinical research governance.
Examples
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Read the text and answer the questions. You can try as many times as you want.
The oncology team consulted the interdisciplinary tumor board after the biopsy confirmed malignant cell proliferation. "We're analyzing the genomic profile to guide targeted therapy," the oncologist explained, noting that the randomized controlled trial had demonstrated statistically significant efficacy for this approach.
Given the patient's comorbidities, the team conducted a comprehensive risk-benefit analysis before assessing her candidacy for immunotherapy. "Her prognosis depends on early detection and intervention," the physician noted, "which is why we're implementing precision medicine approaches based on her specific biomarkers."
1. What did the biopsy confirm?
2. What is being analyzed to guide therapy?
3. What did the randomized controlled trial demonstrate?
4. Why did the team conduct a risk-benefit analysis?
5. What does the prognosis depend on?
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A second reading, a bit longer. Read it and answer the questions below.
The oncology team met to assess a patient's candidacy for immunotherapy after ruling out malignancy elsewhere in her body. “We need to weigh the risks and benefits carefully, given her comorbidities,” the oncologist explained.
After reviewing her biomarkers, the team decided to tailor treatment specifically to her genomic profile. “Early detection really improved her prognosis,” one physician noted. Following informed consent, she began the new protocol, and doctors were optimistic she could achieve remission within the year.
1. What did the oncology team assess?
2. What did they rule out first?
3. What did the oncologist say they needed to weigh?
4. What did the team use to tailor treatment?
5. What did doctors hope she could achieve?
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Tap a term on the left, then tap its matching definition on the right. Ungraded — repeat as many times as you like.
Term
Definition
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Usa las pistas para completar cada palabra en inglés. Sin calificar — repite las veces que quieras.
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The essentials of this lesson, summarized.
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Key terms to remember.
assigned to groups by chance to reduce bias
A randomized controlled trial (RCT) is the gold standard in clinical research because random assignment minimizes confounding variables.
Formal / clinical researchCollocations: randomized controlled trial, randomized trial design, double-blind randomized study
Synonyms: randomly assigned
assessing something systematically
"Pharmacokinetics" studies how a drug moves through the body — absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: evaluating pharmacokinetics, evaluating efficacy, currently evaluating
Synonyms: assessing, analyzing, studying
a person receiving medical care
"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome" (SIRS) describes a whole-body inflammatory state, often a precursor to sepsis.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: the patient exhibits, critically ill patient, patient presentation
Synonyms: case, individual under care
to require something essential for patient care
"Interdisciplinary tumor board" refers to a team of specialists from different fields collaborating on complex cancer cases.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: need to consult, dire need, needs assessment
Synonyms: require, must have
the cause or origin of a disease
A core concept in diagnosis and research — understanding etiology often guides the most effective treatment approach.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: unknown etiology, etiology of the disease, multifactorial etiology
Synonyms: cause, origin, root cause
putting a protocol or system into practice
"Evidence-based protocols" are standardized treatment guidelines derived from the best available clinical research.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: implementing protocols, currently implementing, fully implementing
Synonyms: adopting, rolling out, deploying
a measurable indicator of a biological state
Used to diagnose disease, monitor progression, or predict response to treatment, often via a blood or tissue sample.
Formal / clinical researchCollocations: measure a biomarker, biomarker analysis, novel biomarker
Synonyms: biological indicator, marker
an additional condition occurring alongside another
Comorbidities complicate treatment decisions and are a key factor considered when assessing a patient's overall risk.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: common comorbidity, multiple comorbidities, comorbidity index
Synonyms: co-occurring condition, associated condition
the ability of a treatment to produce the desired result
Distinct from "effectiveness" (real-world performance) — efficacy specifically refers to results under controlled trial conditions.
Formal / clinical researchCollocations: demonstrate efficacy, clinical efficacy, efficacy and safety
Synonyms: effectiveness, potency
the likely course or outcome of a disease
Based on typical disease progression and patient-specific factors; distinct from "diagnosis", which identifies the condition itself.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: improve the prognosis, poor prognosis, long-term prognosis
Synonyms: outlook, expected outcome
cancerous and likely to spread
The key distinction from "benign" — malignant tumors invade surrounding tissue and can metastasize to other parts of the body.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: malignant tumor, confirmed malignant, malignant cells
Synonyms: cancerous, invasive
treatment that uses the immune system to fight disease
A relatively recent cancer treatment approach that harnesses or enhances the body's own immune response, rather than directly attacking cells.
Formal / clinicalCollocations: immunotherapy treatment, candidate for immunotherapy, immunotherapy response
Synonyms: immune-based treatment
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Clinical and research expressions used in advanced medical practice.
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Tap the words in the correct order to form the sentence. Ungraded — repeat as many times as you like.
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Tap the correct verb form to complete each sentence. The other options are conjugations from other tenses — on purpose, so you learn to tell them apart.
We're the patient's candidacy for immunotherapy
We to consult the interdisciplinary tumor board
The diagnosis includes autoimmune and infectious etiologies
The of this condition remains poorly understood
The controlled trial demonstrated statistically significant efficacy
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Listen to the full dialogue with the speaker buttons first, then fill in the missing words from this lesson's real conversation. Ungraded — repeat as many times as you like.
What's the on the trial results?
Promising — the treatment significant improvement in the patient
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You need at least 80% to unlock the next lesson. You can retake it as many times as you want — your best score is saved.
1. Which option matches: "The patient underwent a minimally invasive laparoscopic procedure."?
2. Select the correct match for: "The differential diagnosis includes autoimmune and infectious etiologies."
3. Select the correct match for: "We're implementing precision medicine approaches based on biomarkers."
4. "The patient requires palliative care to manage symptoms." — which one is correct?
5. Which option matches: "We're implementing telemedicine protocols for remote patient monitoring."?
6. Choose the equivalent of: "The patient's prognosis depends on early detection and intervention."
7. What does this mean: "The biopsy results confirmed malignant cell proliferation."?
8. "The patient exhibits signs of systemic inflammatory response syndrome." — which one is correct?
9. Choose the equivalent of: "We're assessing the patient's candidacy for immunotherapy."
10. Which option matches: "We're conducting a systematic review of the current literature."?
Review — Lesson 78 What matches: "The teacher explained the lesson to the students."?
Review — Lesson 78 What matches: "The homework is due tomorrow."?
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You've completed Medicine and Health Sciences! Next: Tourism and Hospitality, starting with guest service vocabulary.
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Practice this lesson's vocabulary with a word search and flashcards. Ungraded — play as many times as you like.
Tap the first and last letter of a hidden word to find it. Los términos de varias palabras van sin espacios en el tablero (ej. "give up" aparece como GIVEUP).
Elige la respuesta correcta. Si aciertas, la tarjeta queda lista por hoy; si fallas, vuelve a aparecer pronto para reforzarla. Tu progreso se guarda en este dispositivo.